PCCI

The fifth capital of the first Philippine Republic.

The corn belt and onion capital of central Pangasinan.   

The Guinness World Record holder for the longest barbecue.  

Home of the tallest bamboo sculpture of Saint Vincent Ferrer.

And now an ideal hub for minor and major investments.         

Bayambang is a thriving town located at the central part of Southern Pangasinan. This municipality composed of 77 barangays has begun to make its name known in the business industry with the massive social, infrastructure, and economic development that it has experienced in the past three years. This development, sparked by the progressive leadership of Mayor Cezar T. Quiambao, continues to bring in revenue for the town and its people, making it an ideal spot for investment and for opening up businesses as it is guaranteed to attract thousands and even millions of tourists in the following years.       

The inauguration of the 50.23-meter high bamboo sculpture of the town’s patron on April 5, 2019 is the first part of the completion of the Comprehensive Land Use Plan designed with the help of renowned architectural firm Palafox Associates. During the Holy Week alone, the town recorded an estimated 100,000 tourists who saw the world’s tallest bamboo sculpture. Once completed, the Saint Vincent Ferrer Prayer Park is expected to bring in more income to the municipality by attracting devotees and visitors from all over the country and the whole world.   

The Local Government Unit has also requested the funding of the Langiran Agri-Aquaculture Park from the Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority of the Department of Tourism, a P250M project which aims to develop and beautify a four-hectare lake nestled in the quiet barangay of Langiran. It is planned to feature a zipline, a floating restaurant, and more attractions which would give locals hundreds of jobs and tourists more reasons to visit Bayambang.       

The LGU Ville, which broke ground on March 2019, would provide housing to LGU employees at lower costs while ensuring income generation for the local government.         

The Municipal Slaughterhouse has also been recently inaugurated and is guaranteed to bring more income to the municipality.    

The One-Stop-Shop has made it easier for entrepreneurs to process their papers and legal requirements in opening up their business. This has encouraged more Bayambangueños to start their own businesses which can be seen with the increase in the number of applications from 1,013 in 2016 to 1,472 in 2018, and as of June 30, 2019, 430 people have already inquired about putting up their own business, proving the stakeholders’ interest in investing in Bayambang because they already see the potential of the town.         

The computerization project headed by the Information and Communications Technology Office also makes it easier for the LGU to be transparent with stakeholders and to fast track processes when it comes to opening up businesses. The competency of the ICT Office was proven when it received awards from three different categories during the esteemed Digital Cities PH Awards 2018, specifically the Best in eGov Digital Finance Empowerment, Best in eGov Systems for Global Competitiveness and Best in eGov Customer Empowerment.

In addition, LGU Bayambang recently received a certificate of achievement from the Bureau of Local Government Finance after ranking fifth nationwide in revenue collection efficiency. Bayambang collected 111.02 million pesos in revenue, surpassing the 44.7 million peso target set by the BLGF by 248.2% thanks to the massive information campaign of the Treasury Office and Assessor’s Office and the cooperation of the taxpayers.

All our efforts and hard work were duly recognized as LGU Bayambang had a grand slam in the Seal of Good Local Governance, receiving the prestigious award from the DILG for three consecutive years under the Quiambao-Sabangan administration. This shows the convergence and unity among the departments, offices, and stakeholders as we aim for a better Bayambang.    

These are only the beginning.       

Soon, Bayambang will be home to a new SM Supermall, water and amusement park, a 3-4 star hotel, and a public-private tertiary hospital, giving it a great potential of becoming the economic hub of Northern Luzon.

Soon, Bayambang will have a booming economic industry brought about by massive infrastructure projects and by being one of the most business-friendly municipalities.

Isebel So... (Sara'y Alimaong): A compilation of local superstitious beliefs

ISEBEL SO..../SARAY ALIMAONG

(A Compilation of Local Superstitious Beliefs)

Old wives' tales or superstitious beliefs have been held by all cultures throughout the world and throughout history. They are a human response to the unknown and unknowable--the mysteries of life in this world. From a cultural or practical perspective, they give a glimpse into the deepest hopes and fears of residents of a given locality, and what is fear of the unknown if it is not universal?

Even though they run counter to, or are not sanctioned by, the religion of the majority of residents, these beliefs persist up to the present for some compelling reasons. This somewhat jibes with the fact that, most Filipinos, even indeed born and raised as Catholic and openly profess to be one, have strong tendency toward syncretism, the belief system that cherry-picks elements of otherwise contentious faiths and fuse them into an eclectic set of elements that somehow find themselves coexisting in seeming harmony.

For example, the indigenous practice of offering "atang" to the dearly departed is animistic. Karma is in everyday language, though it is Buddhist. Feng shui and the strong belief in "malas" and "suwerte" are strong Chinese influences. Belief in past lives and reincarnation may not be that prevalent, but these are not too foreign either, as are New Age influences that have crept up in the Filipino psyche.

According to a research by a local resident, Danny Sagun, these superstitious beliefs were created by old folks in order to frighten and impose their rules on the people around them, especially children. Nonethelless, these beliefs persist despite being contrary to facts and downright unscientific. They persist even despite the promise of high hilarity among modern-day non-believers -- a testament to the tenacity of the indigenous belief system they must have originally sprung from, such that no aspect of local life is left untouched by this belief system.

Listed here are some of the most commonly held superstitious beliefs in this town, most of which have endured up to this day, despite the lack of basis in fact or any scientific explanation, despite their history of imposition. We who compiled these were amazed at the encyclopedic number of beliefs we had to list down, and believe that we have just scratched the surface.

Good Luck/Bad Luck

· Don't sweep the floor at night. You will drive away good luck.

· Don't sell needles at night because it is bad luck.

· If you are about to leave home and accidentally break a glass, it's a bad omen. Don't leave. Or break another glass to dispel bad luck.

Seeing an owl, ground lizard, or black cat cross your path means bad luck.

· Don't accept cash payments at night, or you will always lose money.

· If you cup your palm on your chin and cheek, your life will be malas, filled with misfortune or full of burden.

· Kapag mukhang malas ang katabi sa sugal, paalisin ito.

· Kapag nanaginip ng ngiping nabunot, ikagat ang ngipin sa unan pagkagising upang makontra ang kamalasan.

· Say pusan taloray kolor to, swerte.

· No walay oleg ya andeket ed abong, suwerte.

· No makasabat kay pusan adeket no walay laen mo, agka la untutuloy ta malas.

· No makanengneg kay basakay, kontram na "Pwera bwisit, pwera malas.

· Ikdan moy kuros na bulsa so pitakam pian suwerte.

· Huwag mo sasabihing mabigat ang pagkain o mga bilihing dala-dala o bitbit, dahil malas yun.

· Say pitaka dapat walay kuros na bulsa (token paper money or loose coins) to piyan suwerte.

Weather

· Pag sobrang maalinsangan o mainit ang panahon at walang kahangin-hangin, magtawag ng hangin sa pamamagitan ng pagpito gamit ang nguso (nang walang ginagamit na pito).

· Kapag masama ang panahon at may importanteng kaganapan, mag-alay ng mga itlog sa altar, magsampay ng pulang damit, magsampay/magsabit ng damit sa lugar, iwagayaway ang walis tingting sa ere, o magsunog ng balahibo ng manok.

· Pag kumikidlat, bawal magsuot ng pulang damit o magdala ng pulang payong.

Giving or Receiving Gifts

· No regaluan da kay panyo, bayaran moy piso piyan agka unakis.

· Alimaong so regaluay sapatos ta singa da ka gagatin-gatinan.

· Never give a handkerchief as a gift, or the receiver will weep a lot. If someone gives you one, buy it back with PhP1.

· Suwerte so orinola ya iregalo ed balon kasal.

Body/Body Positions

· No aketket to may dila to may too, pan iistoryaan da ka.

· Say ak-akualen to'y duaran dakulap to, mangiras.

· No akasinkaling tan uwab lan uwab, mangiras.

· Makakaraeg no akabalaybay so twalyan baleg ed beklew mo anggano aga manames.

· No manparutpot so ugaw a melag (their lips making sound like a propeller), wala'y unsabin bagyo.

· No man-galaw ya palpaltugan iray ogogao, manpapaniring ira na unsabin giyera.

· No akaampat ka, mangiras ka. O no akaampat ka, bwisit o malas ed bilay. (This may be a Chinese influence.)

· No am-ampatot moy ulom ya akadukol, walay nagawan aliwa.

· No mangan kad paway na labi, napiwis so sungot mo.

· No mangan kay atang, napiwis so sungot mo.

· Ang buhok na ginupit ay dapat itapon sa kanal o lugar na basa upang mabilis tumubo o lumago ang buhok.

· Ang naalis na ngipin ay dapat na ihagis sa bubong, yung matunog, upang mabilis tumubo ang ngipin ng nabungi.

· When someone is having a hiccup, one should say, "Nantakew ka'y iknol?" (Did you steal an egg?) so the hiccup will stop.

· No say kakampuyo et walad silong na mata, manangibalo.

- Pregnancy

• Maglagay ng asin sa bintana upang hindi mahirapang magbuntis.

• Bawal tumayo sa pintuan upang hindi mahirapang manganak.

• Bawal haplusin ng haplusin ang tiyan baka makatulog ang bata kung manganganak na.

• Kapag lumindol, kailangang maligo ang mga buntis ng suka para hindi sila makunan.

• “Aga nayari so unirong ed takayan no malukon ka.” (Don’t sit on the staircase if you are pregnant.)

Someone who often sat on the staircase while pregnant had a difficult labor as a result. It took time for her to give birth to her child.

• “Aga nayari so mangay dakel” (Don’t eat a lot if you are pregnant.)

Someone who ate a lot whatever and whenever she desired had a difficult labor and had a hard time giving birth due to complications.

• “Aga nayari ya mampuyat so malukon.” (Don’t sleep late at night if you are pregnant.)

Remecia C. Junio blames her habit of sleeping late at night for not going through labor and for having a one-week delay in her due date.

• “Aga nayari so unsilip ed inatey no malukon.” (Don’t glance at the dead if you are pregnant.)

Marde V. Dy said it’s forbidden to glance at the corpse of the dead because because there’s a possibility of experiencing a difficult birth.

• “Aga nayari so unnusok no malukon.” (Don’t bend your body if you are pregnant.)

Mrs. Marcelina's grandmother told her when she was pregnant not to bend her body because there’s a possibility that the child would someday grow without teeth.

• “Aga nayari so unsaklang ed motor no malukon.” (Don’t ride a motorcycle if you’re pregnant.)

Mrs. Rita remembers her mother telling her when she was pregnant not to ride on a motorcycle even if she was only 2-3 months pregnant because there’s a possibility that she would lose the child. 

 

Mappers: Andre-Yam Espiritu, Mickaella Agbuya, Jackie Lyn Balanag, Patricia Dy, Lee Diane Garcia, Kristine Ross Montil, Cindy Valdoz
 

- Menstruation

· Bawal kumain ng maasim dahil hihilab ang tiyan.

· Kung first time mong magregla, yung tubig na pinaghugasan ng panty ay ihilamos sa mukha para hindi magkapimple.

Children and Child Care

· After the christening/baptism rite at the church, parents should run to the door with their baby as fast as they can and be the first to get there, to ensure the baby will grow stronger than the rest.

· Don't give the baby a haircut until it turns one year old, and be sure to place inside a book the first sheaf of hair that was cut, to ensure the child will grow up intelligent.

· Wet with your saliva the new baby you just visited before leaving, or the baby (or you) will fall ill inexplicably.

· When a baby is having a hiccup, take a thread from the hem of his or her clothes or from his/her balkes (cloth belt), and wet it, then ball it and place it on top of his/her forehead, so the hiccup will stop.

· No say ugaw pakaney baoy baboy, umbaleg ya malabir

· No siopa so unaan ya nankatliy buwek na ugaw, sikatoy natawir ton ugali.

· No amilos so ugaw, pakanen na baoy baboy piyan underetsoy tongtong to. Isabit ang pusod ng bagong panganak sa bintana para mataas ang marating ng bata at tingalain siya pagdating ng panahon.

· Ikdan moy pakemkem so sakey ugaw no nanengneng mo ed unaan ya panbisita to. (Bigyan mo ng pakimkim ang sanggol kapag makita mo ito sa unag pagkakataon. Give a little cash gift (money) to a baby that you see for the first time.)

· No say ugaw et walay duwaran alimpuros to, paweg o pilyo. (Ang batang may dalawang alimpuyo o puyo ay pilyo o pasaway o matigas ang ulo. A child with two hair whorls is naughty or hard-headed.)

· Nengneng moy tenger na ugaw ya kapananak piyan naaantaan mo no say unsublay ya agi to et bii o laki. No walay mautok, laki. (Check out the nape of the baby to determine the gender of the next child after him/her.)

· No say alimpuros na ugaw et walad beneg na ulo to, dudukulan toy kuwarta. (If the hair whorl of the child is found right at the back of his/her head, he/she is lying on money.)

· No walay lungaw na tenger to, masiblet. (Kapag may butas ang batok, madamot. When the nape has a hole, he/she is stingy.)

· Kapag nagpabinyag, ang kukuning ninong o ninang ay iyung matalino para maging matalino ang bata.

· Ang unang gugupit sa buhok ng bata ay dapat matalino, at dapat ay iipit sa libor ang ginupit na buhok, upang maging matalino ang bata.

· Naming children-No masakit (o lanang ya mansasakit) so sakey ugaw, salatay ngaran to, tan saliwen may daan ya ngaran na piso. Variation: Say ugaw ya masanting so ngaran to, masakit, katon salatan so ngaran to.

Eating and Cooking

· No niparukan ka habang mangakan ka, walay akanunot ed sika.

· No naplag so kutsara, say bisita yo bii; no tinidor, laki.

· No manluluto ka, agka kiwal lan kiwal ta naelew so mangan.

· Itelek so plato no walay umpikal habang mamangakan kayo ta piyan iwas risgo (disgrasya o anto ka man ya mauges).

· If you leave home after finishing your meal while the rest of the family are still eating, they should rotate all their plates so you will avoid meeting an accident along the way.

· During meals, the serving spoon or rice ladle should never point at you, or people will falsely accuse you of theft.

· When washing the dishes, do not scrape the ladle with a spoon, or family members will end up in a serious quarrel.

· Never let the rice dispenser run out of rice, or the family would run out of it for a very long time.

· Don't eat in a dark place. If you don't share your food with the unseen spirits, they will harm you.

· Don't jump after eating, or you might have appendicitis.

· Don't eat atang (food offering for the spirits), or you will become kabaw (forgetful).

· When cooking ampalaya (bitter gourd), smile, and avoid talking, so the dish won't be bitter.

· No mangan kay keran panangan na malukon, makakaugip ka. (Kapag kumain ka ng tira ng buntis, aantukin ka. If you eat a pregnant woman's leftover food, you will feel sleepy.)

· No wala kad arapay dalikan, agka mankakansyon ta balo so naasawam.

· Ipaliis moy ikol na balaok no akaturo ed sika piyan agda ka pan palpalsaen ed aray nababalang.

· No ikaway moy balaok ed toon unalis ed abong ya misugal ed paway balbaleg so tiyansa ton natalo.

· Kapag may nakalunok ng tinik, tawagin lang ang pangalan ng isang kakilala sa ipinanganak na suhi (suni), o magpahilot dito ng leeg upang matanggal ang tinik.

 

Local beliefs and practices when cooking for feasts

Huwag magsisigarilyo para di mahulugan ng upos yung niluluto at baka mapanis.

Huwag tapik-tapikin ng itak ang karne upang di madaling mapanis ang ulam.

The one to serve the food should be someone who si makaaklo -- someone who can feed a lot of people.

Put ice in bagisen or dinuguan to tenderize the meat. 

Doing Grocery

When carrying groceries, particulary food, never say they are ambelat or heavy because that would be malas. A counter-spell would be to say, "Pwera bwisit!"

Ghosts

· Agka untutuktok no labi ta say unebat anyani.

· No mantagloong la ray aso, amot ka la ta makakanengneng iray añani kono.

· No mayamaya o tayaketek ed oras na mansirunget, unsisirum iray kakamarerwa o añani.

Friday Taboos

· No mannailcutter kay biyernes, nabalusiksikan ka

· Don't clip your nails on a Friday, or you'll get the skin on that area below the nails peeling and curling up?

Good Friday, Easter Sunday

· It's bad to take a bath during Good Friday.

· If you get wounded on Good Friday, the wound will never heal.

· On the morning of Easter Sunday, jump as high as you can, so you will be as tall. (As told to young kids)

Birthdays and Weddings

· During birthdays, serve rice noodles for long life.

New Year's Day

· Kailangan say utang mo, nabayaran mon amin balo man-Balon Taon, ta piyano agka nalener ed utang ed untumbok ya taon.

· Agka manhahanday manok ed Balon Taon ta piyan agka mankakaykay ed irap na bilay diad untumbok ya sakey taon.

· On New Year's Eve, prepare 12 round fruits to attract good luck the whole year through.

· Wear red or polka dots for the same reason.

· Mansibuwag kay sinsilyo ed abong piyan suwerte. (Throw coins around the house for the same reason.)

· Hang a bunch of 12 pieces of grapes by the door, etc. for year-long prosperity.

· Para media noche, dapat dakel so handa piyan masanting? so panagbilay ed sakey taon. Manhanda ka ray arom ni ran tibukel: sakey bigaon tikoy, latik, etc.

· Dapat walay ansakket piyan malet so aroay pamilya.

· Dapat walay pancit piyan andukey so bilay.

· Kasabi'y alas dose ed pegley labi na Balon Taon, onlukso kay atagtaragey piyan: no ugaw ni, untagey tan aga napandak; no matakken la, piyan maksil so laman to ya sakey taon.

· Aga nayariy mangan na manok no Balon Taon ta say aliling na manok "isang kahig, isang tuka" (ed Tagalog). / Agka manhahanday manok ed Balon Taon ta piyan agka mankakaykay ed irap na bilay diad untumbok ya sakey taon.

· Kailangan say belasan nakno, piyan aga naerasan ya sakey taon.

· Kailangan say utang mo, nabayaran mon amin bago man-Balon Taon, ta piyan agka nalener ed utang ed untumbok ya taon.

· Iwasan moy mangaway anto ka man ya trabaho ya ampano sakey taon mo met ya gawaen.

· Mangawa kay ingal piyan unarawi ray mauuges ya ispiritu.

· Tangtang mo ray batya tan palanggana. Mantorotot ka. Patugtog moy radyo, iswitch moy TV ya makmaksil. Manpapaputok ka. Paandar moy motor, tricycle, kotse ya mapalakapak.

· Bukasan mo ray amin ya puwerta tan bintana piyan unloob so suwerte.

· Manselsel na lusis. Isilew mon amin ya silew. I-on mo met iray amin ya appliances piyano suwerte.

· On New Year's Eve, prepare 12 round fruits, wear polka dots, throw coins, hang a bunch of grapes by the door, etc. for yearlong prosperity.

· Aga nayari mangan na manok no Balon Taon ta say aliling na manok "isang kahig, isang tuka" (ed Tagalog).

· Kasabiy alas dose ed pegley labi na Balon Taon, onlukso kay atagtaragey piyan: No ugaw ni, untagey tan aga napandak. No matakken la, piyan maksil so laman to ya sakey taon.

Clothes

· Don't mend your clothes while you're wearing it, or you might get stitched too (undergo operation).

· Don't cut anything on your clothes while wearing them, or you might get operated on.

Animals

· No say kuwago tinmoon ed krus na kapilyay sementerio walay unsabin sakit o epidemic.

· Say kolayot buwisit.

· No initdan da ka na pusan kuting salatan moy dagum piyan masebeg ya manerel na otot

· Don't refer to an otot (daga, mouse or rat) as an "otot," or it will not wreak havoc on your things. Call it "mabait" (kind) instead.

· No narengel yoy tiki ed dalem na abong yo ya mankik-kik, walay bisita ya unsabi.

· No say pusa et mandidilamos ya aka arap ed pertay abong, sakey ya miyembro na pamilya so manbiyahe ed arawi.

· No say pusa mandidilamos ya akabeneg ed pwertay abong, walay unsabin bisita. No gabay yon nasura piyan aga natuloy so isabi to, idepak yoy daiset piyan napigar.

Taking Exams

· No man-exam ka, mangibulsa kay pison baleg tan agat, iyan mod supot na ice candy ta piyan pampasuwerte.

House

· If you open an umbrella inside the house, a centipede will fall off and land on your head.

· Place a thorny plant by your door/garden to drive away witches or prevent them from harming you.

· No akaibong kay asin, buntokan moy asin met so kawigin takeb mo piyan nabulag may demonyod kawigim.

· Agmo ititilak so anto ka man ya makdem (katli, kutsilyo, etc.) ya akaturo ed sika piyan ag ka napalsaan. (Huwag mong iiwang nakaturo sa iyo ang kahit na anong matalim para di ka mapagbintangan. Don't leave anything sharp to be pointing at you so you won't be false accused.)

· No walay laen mon importante agka umpapawil-pawil ed nanlapuan mo ta agmo nasabi so pegdat mo.

· Masama o malas ang nababasagan ng salamin. (Joey Ferrer)

· "Termites (anay) will not enter the house if the bottoms of all wooden posts are first charred."

 

- Using Something for the First Time

(This one seems peculiar to Pangasinenses.)

· When someone uses something (like any gadget for the house) for the first time, make sure a strong male uses it first so that the object will surely last long or be sturdy.

- Night-time Taboos

· Bawal so mandait na labi, ta ampano walay naoperahan ed pamilya.

· Bawal so manpaway na kuwartay labi (bilang bayar o pautang) ta malas.

· Bawal so man-nail cutter no labi.

· Agka manasaliw na dagum na labi piyan aga milalati.

· Don't sweep the floor at night. You will drive away good luck.

· Don't sell needles at night because it is bad luck.

Little Panagsura Rituals to Avert an Impending Rain

Rain is a blessing, but it is also a curse when it falls on the chosen date of any big event, such as wedding, christening, or anything that requires a major gathering of relatives, friends, and the community.

If a big event is threatened by an impending rain, locals resort to these simple counter-spell strategies (panagsura rituals) on the day before the major activity:

Hang outside the shirt that you will be wearing to the occasion, or

Wave a broom or broomstick at the sky, and/or

Offer raw eggs to saints on the altar.

Another panagsura ritual to forestall the bad weather (such as an impending thunderstorm) is performed on the big day itself:

Burn cloth (any used cloth, for example) and shake the burning cloth under the floor of the house.

Yet another ritual that residents in Hermoza routinely do to dissuade, as it were, the impending rain from falling on their parade is as follows:

Once it rains while everyone is inside the house, draw a sun on a piece of paper, have it colored, and show the drawing to the sky.

6. But before it rains, draw a picture of the sun right on the soil.
Draw

Other Beliefs and Practices Related to Rain, Thunder, and Lightning

When there is thunder, do not wear red, or lightning might strike you.

Kung kumikidlat, magwilig ng suka sa mga bintana at pinto.

Maglagay ng palaspas sa pintuan o bintana para pangontra sa kidlat.

Pag kumukulog, huwag maingay dahil naglalaro ng bowling si San Pedro.

Manames ka ed perprimiron oran na Mayo pian arawi kad sakit. (Maligo sa pinakaunang ulan sa Mayo upang malayo ka sa sakit.)

If the day is hot or humid and you want it to rain, give your cat a bath.

Huwag gumamit ng payong na kulay pula o may patusok na bakal sa tuktok baka makidlatan.

Takpan ang mga salamin pag kumukulog at/o kumikidlat dahil tinatamaan ng kidlat ang salamin.

Make the sign of the cross and say, "Jesus, Maria, Joseph," whenever there's heavy rain, lightning and thunder as protection.

Business Enterprise

Gumamit ng orinola na lalagyan ng mga bayad ng mga bumibili sa tindahan para swerte.

Sources: Joey Ferrer, Melchor Orpilla, Danny Sagun, Resty Odon, Valentine Garcia, Vernaliza M. Ferrer, Luz B. Cayabyab, Bernabe I. Mercado, Dennis Flores, Sharlene Gravidez-Gonzales, Clarita F. Tagab, Macario Garcia III, John Marc Flores, Perfecto Beltran, Carmencita Pacis

Notes:

A separate post expounds on local beliefs and rituals surrounding death.

Another post discusses the belief called "salachado" (salatsado?), a belief regarding birth order of one's children. It seems peculiar to Pangasinenses.

 

Reference:

 

Filipino Building Beliefs by Architect Ernesto R. Zarate url: https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/filipino-building-beliefs/

 

The ancient yet enduring banga, buyog, pasig: A closer look at native pottery and other terra cotta works

Philippine pottery is often described in lowly terms because of its primitive form and design. Thus, one of the most uninteresting exhibits one could encounter in any local museum is probably the pottery section. But the right curator's note or tour guide spiel would make a big difference, as it guides the visitor to the craft, the process of manufacture, period styles, usage, and most interestingly, the stories associated with the artifacts. One specimen in San Agustin Museum's collection, for example, is particularly eye-catching because of a note that goes this way: "Kalinga pottery is the most advanced Filipinos ever achieved in pottery-making."

One look at the pottery and the unschooled observer will be easily convinced, seeing how the technique and design are more sophisticated compared to the rest of Philippine-made pottery.

But compared side by side with other Southeast Asian and Chinese and Japanese pottery, the supposed apotheosis of Philippine pottery would pale much in comparison. From this context, the museum description unwittingly reminds of Nick Joaquin's well-expounded gripe: we Filipinos easily get satisfied with whatever we come up with -- in short, the old "Pwede na yan" (That will do) mentality.

With deeper study, however, things are not what they seem on the surface. From the looks of it, we Filipinos purposely did not strive to do better in the field simply because we relied upon others' already existing expertise. The Chinese and other Asians have been churning out far more advanced potteries than we could ever hope to have when we came in contact with them, so why not import them, or barter with them, rather than manufacture our own? That is a lot more pragmatic.

Nonetheless, however lowly the terra cotta works we were able to come up with, native potteries have their own charm despite their relative simplicity or naivete. They possess a unique aesthetic that is equally valuable compared with the advanced pottery technology of others. After all, they belong to a different eon, a far more primitive one (think BC's instead of AD's), with its own aesthetic sensibilities, societal nuances, and geographic considerations. That they persist at all up to this day is no small wonder.

The design, noticeably enough, is particularly interesting, for it runs the gamut -- from the naif to the highly bizarre shapes and forms, many of which have no equivalents in other Asian cultures. The unknowing museum visitor would be wise not to make snide remarks about 'inferiority.'

Our modest pottery output is a reminder that smallness and lack of grandiosity do not automatically imply inferiority. Ancient Filipino pottery deserves respect -- from the lowliest tapayan used for drinking water and fermenting buro to the Vigan burnay, to the anthropomorphic Maitum and Manunggul burial jars, to the Leta-Leta presentation dishes, to T'boli-patterned vases, up to the intricately appliqued Kalinga pottery.

Making a wider survey of local pottery, journalist Pio Verzola Jr. marvels at the extent to which we have developed all sorts of banga, from Batanes to Tawi-Tawi, judging from the technical terms we have collectively evolved.

Melchor Orpilla, an Alaminos-based poet and cultural worker, has compiled the following definitions for potteries used in Pangasinan alone: "Pasig is the usual stone jars from Vigan (locally called burnay there). Samang is a kind of Chinese jar; and usually called samáng in Lingayen. Kalamba is a big earthen container just like batya. Buyog is a controversial term, with some calling buyog the earthen inuman with buking, while some others referring to a big banga for drinking too. The inuman with buking is also called kambong. Pilon is a container specially for polutipot or lingket (molasses). Kamáw is a plate-like container. Gurgurita is a small rounded body container of drinking water with a long neck and usually with an ear for handling. Dungdong is a very big banga used to cook for a large number of people. Banga is the usual earthen cooking ware with rounded bottom without an edge. The sayap is a kind of banga that has an edge around its body and is usually shallower."

In Bayambang up to the late 1970's, households used two kinds of dalikan or clay stove: the round charcoal-fed one and the bigger, avocado-shaped firewood-fed version. The latter has evolved in newer versions wrapped in tin can and resembling a pugon or furnace.

Buyog or buyugan was used for drinking water, and was quite a marvel for its ability to keep the water relatively cold as compared to storing water in today's PET (plastic) containers. The original buyog must have come without the aluminum spigot, and at the time, natives must have used coconut or bamboo ladles and cups.

The dark brown pasig was also used to make and store buro, salt, wine, or other food items that can be preserved.

The big red or black banga was used for boiling medicinal leaves or, indeed, cooking something on a big scale, while the smaller banga called sayap was for for cooking family-size dishes such as pinakbet.

Sold in the public market were toy kitchen sets (miniature dalikan, banga, platito, etc.) for little girls which came in two styles: plain and painted with the loudest of colors and the folksiest of designs.

We also used the word burnay to refer to chocolate-brown jars coming from Vigan for decorative purposes or as plant vase. Lasong or lasungan were used in making latik (large lasong) or bibingka (small lasong). (Could this be where the term puto lasong came from?) Clay saucers, which must have a name as well, were used to feed poultry.

One might add the term gusi (which may not be indigenous), to refer to those more recently evolved porcelain vases that must have taken inspiration from the Chinese. These were mostly used as decor as well. Paso or clay planters came in a number of sizes and styles.

The reddish clay vessels, however, were most likely bought from nearby San Carlos City, the former Binalatongan which Malunguey, now called Bayambang, used to be a part of.

With the above considerations, one must look at our own native pots a little bit differently, no matter how lowly they may be to the untrained eye.

References:

Bucaio.blogspot.com http://bucaio.blogspot.com/2014/04/bisita-iglesia-2014-central-pangasinan.html

Joaquin, Nick. A heritage of smallness. https://theurbanhistorian.tumblr.com/post/5966825494/a-heritage-of-smallness-by-nick-joaquin

Orpilla, Melchor. Facebook comment, September 2019

Peralta, Jesus T. The Tinge of Red: Prehistory of Art in the Philippines. Book review: https://filipiniana101.blogspot.com/2014/03/a-definitive-guide-to-philippine.html

Verzola, Pio Jr. The lowly banga. Accessed from: https://iraia.net/blog/2016/12/01/lowly-banga/?fbclid=IwAR1AWvhtfmk3L97R6LtKjpe9sSNRiWejy9r0ZSubnAhpJ-T-KAzxVJkJg5g

A quick survey of the most important terra cotta works (photos and descriptions) can be found here: http://filipiniana101.blogspot.com/2014/03/who-are-these-people-what-could-they-be.html ;
http://ben-matias.blogspot.com/2010/06/treasures-of-archaeology-national.html

The Aligando and Galikin: Local Christmastime musical traditions

Here's an abstract of the research done by Dr. Rosabella Austria Mendez of PSU-Bayambang:

Aligando: A Pangasinan Oral Tradition

"Oral history was used by conducting several interviews with tradition bearers in different towns of Pangasinan and several books and unpublished works on Pangasinan culture were utilized to document the little-known oral tradition called aligando. There had been studies on Pangasinan oral traditions particularly the "cancionan" or verbal joust but very little is mentioned of "aligando," a 143-stanza song commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, the visit of the Three Magi until the sojourn of the Holy Family to Egypt. [Aligando is a corruption of the Spanish word aguinaldo, meaning gift.] The "manag-aligando" or tradition-bearers would usually go house to house, from January 6 (Feast of the Epiphany) to February 2 (Feast of Purification). The song is its modern sense is like a "carolling" but it has a deeper religious significance to the singers or tradition bearers as well as to the Pangasinenses. The study looked into the background of the "manag-aligando," how they learned it and the reasons why they learned the song. The song, which is sung in an hour or two, is laden with good values which is why it is of utmost importance that it must be preserved. Published copies of this song used to be available, but nowadays a copy of it is hard to find. With the incursion and wide-ranging influence of the internet, its demise is likely imminent. This could contribute to the weakening of the cultural-linguistic identity of Pangasinan. "

Source: 1st International Conference on Pangasinan Studies, Center for Pangasinan Studies, Oct. 25-27, 2017, Sison Auditorium, Capitol Complex, Lingayen, Pangasinan

Note: A shorter version of aligando is called galikin.

History of Barangays Tococ East and West

Barangay Tococ used to be a vast land that was known for producing good kinds of crops. [Why it is called Tococ?]

The place was known as a property of the Matabang family.

They started to sell some portions of the land to provide for their children’s needs and to guarantee a good future for them.

As the years passed, portions of Barangay Tococ that were bought by different families separated and became new barangays. These are now the barangays of Alinggan, Amanperez, Banaban, Duera, Langiran, Malimpec, etc.

Tococ itself got separated into Tococ East and Tococ West in _____.

Mappers: Bayambang National High School-Junior High School students
Informant: Barangay Council of Tococ East and Tococ West
Adviser: Mr. Christopher Q. Gozum

A quick survey of herbals traditionally used in Bayambang

Growing up, we used the following as herbal medicine:

Kusay (Chinese chives) for bukol (head swelling)

Manzanilla leaves for stomachache

Minced garlic for an-an or Tinea skin infection

Oregano for cough

Bawang (garlic) for kamanew (an-an, tinea infection) and clogged nose, and as 'maintenance medicine' for hypertension

Dangla (lagundi) as "pan-banyos" (boiled as part of bath) after "magtrangkaso para di mabinat" (having a bout of flu so as to avoid a relapse)

Pias (kamias) leaves as part of bath for a woman who has just given birth

Lasuna (sibuyas Tagalog or shallot) for fever

Subusob or sambong (comfrey) for kidney problems

Sampaga (damong maria) for irregular menstruation? and stomachache

Herba buena

Makabuhay for itchy skin and stomachache

Tagumbao (jatropha) leaves are heated and applied in sprains and the leaf petiole is used together with baby oil to poke a baby's anus, to induce the baby to defecate

Bayawas (guava) leaves are boiled for antibiotic wash. Newly circumcised young men are told to chew on guava shoots and apply the poultice on the wound

Banaba for kidney problems

Pansit-pansitan for UTI

Tsaang gubat as panlinis ng laman-loob (cleanser of internal organs)

Acapulco for kamanew (tinea infection) and buni (ringworm)

Salomagi (tamarind) and biray (local basil) as part of banyos bath when the body is full of betel (lamig, or coldness)

Kataka-taka for headache

Katuray flowers are inkelnat (blanched) for hypertension.

The juice of inkalot a dalayap o kabelew (roasted native lemon or kaffir lime?) is applied on the throat or back to relieve cough.

Kulibetbet is used to treat open wounds and wound inflammation -- the dagta or milky sap is applied directly on the wound.

Any herb is used as "pan-suob" after a fever is caused by the same.

Taltalikor or taltalikor as part of baby bath as it is supposedly good for the baby's skin and health.

Talay (tanglad) for hypertension, etc.

Sabila (aloe vera) for burns

Belbelnat used as suob for someone who is abelnat or had relapsed fever

Gagalen is a traditional chew made of areca nut (bua) and lime (apog) wrapped in betel leaf (gawed) believed to "assuage hunger pangs and strengthen the teeth and gums" but leaves the teeth and gums with a red stain.

Kulantro (cilantro/wansoy) seeds as part of bath to cure baris (measles)

Pito-pito (mango leaves, guava leaves, banaba leaves, pandan leaves, agdao or alagaw leaves, kulantro seeds, anise seeds) was introduced in the '80s, thanks to the weather broadcaster Ernie Baron, as some sort of cleansing tea.

The above list is not in any way complete. (There are a few dozens more.)

Anyway, the rule of thumb is, if there is no indigenous name used, chances are, a given herbal is an introduced species.

Noticeably, the following are being used today:

Tawa-tawa for dengue

Kelkelnat (paragis, carabao grass?) for hypertension

Serpentina (king of bitters herb?, pait grass?) for diabetes and metabolic problems

'Ashitaba,' called dumo or tumo here, to cure gout?



References:
https://businessmirror.com.ph/2017/08/10/doh-recommended-herbal-plants-in-the-philippines/
https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/hidden-in-the-heart/

"Bari-Bari," "Gala-Gala," "Tabi-Tabi, Apo.., Puwera Baltik!" - Local Beliefs in Nature Spirits

"Bari-Bari," "Gala-Gala," "Tabi-Tabi, Apo.., Puwera Baltik!" -- Local Mythology and Beliefs in Nature Spirits

(Category: Intangible Cultural Heritage: Social Practices, Rituals, and Festive Events; Oral traditions and expressions; Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe)

 

 Pangasinan's lower mythological figures have been listed down by Dean Alfred Narra of the University of the Philippines-Baguio into categories, taking off from the works of Maximo Ramos, Wayland Hand, and Edgar Samar. Narra came up with the following: alan, palyon; aniani, atros, bambanig, bambao, bantay; baras, bawanen, boroka, bugkalot, dika'y dalin; kantaw, kaybaan, kumaw, manananem, mutya, pasatsat, pugot, silew, talo-talo, ugaw. Many of these creatures are familiar to Bayambangueños.

 

In Bayambang, whenever someone -- often an infant or a little child -- suffers from mysterious fever, body malaise, nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps, he or she is said to have been abambanuan (nabati or nausog in Tagalog). These are not the usual fever and dizziness signs and symptoms but more of unexplained ones. It means someone must have greeted the child and has caused the symptoms of bambano or usog.

 

This mysterious ailment is often cured by gently whipping the person afflicted with leaves of malunggay and guyabano. In cases involving babies, the person causing the usog is sought out and told to wet her fingertips with her saliva and then smear her saliva like a potion on the child's forehead or stomach, making the cross sign. In other cases, the person identified to have caused the usog is traced as to his whereabouts then told to come over and greet the child again like he did the first time. Often, the inexplicably sick one rises up soon after, as though nothing happened.

 

To avoid bambano or being "abaltikan" or "naamlingan," one should say "Puwera baltik" (“Pwera usog!”) to counteract what Western cultures refer to as the evil eye hex. This expression is loosely translated to "No bad vibes!" or "Don't bring bad luck!" or "Don't jinx it!"/"No jinxing, please!" According to Elvie Agbayani, 69, Pangasinan, housewife, of Brgy. Cacandungan, in former barrio and now nearby town of Bautista, "Puwera baltik" roughly means "Don't greet me." According to Lorenzo Cosgaya's dictionary, "baltik" and "amling" connote sickness in the stomach and ache in the head, respectively.

 

Many babies are also made to wear a bracelet with alternating red and black beads from Baguio for this purpose. If a baby has not yet been baptized, a tiny red pillow is attached to the clothing using a safety pin, and this supposedly wards off evil spirits, or they have the baby’s forehead marked with a little red cross or simply a red dot.

 

In Visayas, there is a closely related phenomenon called "buyag." You get "nabuyagan" when someone remarks on your beauty or talent or makes a harmless expression of praise, and then you suddenly get dizzy and convulsive or your stomach suddenly aches. Supposedly, the 'spell' can be broken by counteracting or neutralizing it. For example, when someone says to you, “Ang gwapo mo!” (You're so handsome!), you ought to reply in return, "Purya buyag" or "Pwera buyag!"

 

This behavior is explained by anthropologists in terms of the Asian belief system of yin-yang energy flow, a belief that if anything disturbs or "short-circuits" this delicate balance between negative versus positive energies (yin, darkness vs yang, light) believed to be maintained by the universe, a correction of some kind is necessary. Thus there is a need to have the baby greeted again, for example, to bring back the balance of energy that was supposedly upset by the strong vibrations of energy coming from the greeter. The greeter causing buyag is said to be someone in possession of a strong energy. Usually, the culprit is an older person or someone who just got back from walking under the sun or doing hard physical activity.

 

 

***

 

In almost all parts of the country, there is always talk -- often made in hushed tones -- on a ritual involving blood sacrifice. This is often offered during the construction of a house or a major structure supposedly to ensure it is sturdy when completed.

 

In Bayambang, truant kids were traditionally scared by being advised not to go with or get near strangers called "kumaw" because they could get kidnapped for this purpose. Allegedly, blood was always needed for the first harvest or in the construction of building or bridge foundations. This belief is supposed to explain the higher rate of kidnapping incidents at the time when buildings or bridges in a given place are constructed.

 

In Negros, this practice is called padaga (padugo in Tagalog), bloodletting or blood sacrifice. For some, the padaga is looked forward to because there is usually a shared meal after. This is roughly the same as the "pabasa" in Bayambang and the rest of Pangasinan. It often involves sacrificing a chicken for a good harvest as an offering to nature spirits, so these spirits won’t get angry and cause harm because their territory was intruded into. Some "witch doctor" is hired to do the job of cutting up a chicken at the foundation and spilling the spurting blood all over the place, thus the terms pabasa which literally means "to wet (with blood)."

 

Lourdes A. Garcia, 72, of Brgy. Mangayao, often advises children not to play outside between 5 pm to 6 pm or they might hit some elemental spirits that they can not see. To appease these unseen spirits, she says something like an orasyon, "Nita'y betang yo" (Here's your portion [food offering]) while throwing away a small portion of the food she is preparing during any occasion calling for the cooking of some festive food.

 

***

 

There’s also this belief that certain bodies of water (waterfalls, beach) routinely take life (often on a yearly basis) for some reason. They say this is maybe because some offended spirits reside there, and for some reason, a certain type of individual or a random visitor is chosen as victim or scapegoat.

 

 

***

 

In building one's house, the owners often place something blessed by a priest at the foundation before the erection of a post. A family may also place some blessed coins on the steps of stairs. These practices reportedly ensure that the house will be sturdy and the family prosperous.

 

 

***

 

Throwing away coins during the New Year’s Eve celebration, inaugurations and other celebrations is thought to bring prosperity as well, while the use of firecrackers is thought to drive away demons lurking about. Practices wishing prosperity were apparently inherited from the Chinese and their belief in feng shui. Strictly speaking, these beliefs do not involve earth-bound or nature spirits, but feng shui nonetheless presumes 'bad luck' or 'bad chi' as a result of failure to do things a certain way. For example, some furniture might have been improperly placed and house parts improperly constructed, and this is believed to later cause certain personal family problems. Or certain objects have been missing in some corner (e.g. a little aquarium with a black carp), that is why bad luck couldn't be warded off like it should have been.

 

***

 

A food offering called atang is placed on the altar of many a Catholic family in honor of their dead during All Saints' Day or All Soul's Day. Notably, this practice is already beyond the rituals officially sanctioned by the Catholic Church, but it is often mistaken as Catholic ritual when it is not.

 

Perhaps in the same vein, whenever someone cooks something special for an occasion, the cook is reminded to throw away some of the food into the ether or on the ground as an offering, or to appease unseen spirits who might have taken a fancy for the feast being prepared.

 

Among drinkers of hard liquor, there is this practice in which the first shot is thrown away as an offering "for the devil."

 

An atang may also be placed on top of an anthill as a peace offering to an offended resident dwarf, when that dwarf is positively identified by a 'faith healer' as having caused a family member to fall ill after the person passed by the anthill without paying respects. For this reason, people new to a place are often told to say, "Tabi-tabi, Apo..." ("May I pass this way, sir, if you don't mind"), or else "Baka manuno siya!" ("He might get hurt in some way by someone unseen!").

 

***

 

There are cases in which a person also gets ill after she goes to some area of wilderness (katakelan) for the first time and offending a spirit or two there somehow (as when taking a leak without an orasyon or a short by-your-leave type of prayer). In Bayambang, one is supposed to say, "Bari-bari, apo, laki, bai..." or "Banbanooo lalig...!" which is roughly a way of asking permission from spirits to pass by the place unscathed. Someone who falls for the spell is described as "abambanuan."

 

One of the effects of being abambanuan is being lost elsewhere with no idea how to get back home. The solution, it is believed, is to remove one's clothing and wear it reversed.

 

This is the reason why the local elderly routinely tell children not to venture into the woods or open field they are not familiar with, lest they unknowingly "hurt spirits that can't be seen."

 

According to Teresita Y. Dulay, 62, of Brgy. Wawa, and Fely Rodriguez, 65, of Brgy. Bacnono, one must say "Bari-bari...!" to fend off retaliation from elementals after disturbing them in their territory by passing by their place for the first time. They also caution against pouring hot or boiling water in just about anywhere because there is a tendency that you might hurt some elemental spirit that you can’t see. An elemental-filled area is described as one that is "mapalyon" o "mapalpalyon."

 

"Bari-bari" and "Tabi-tabi" are similar, but the difference seems to be that the former is uttered only when going to an often wooded place for the first time.

There is also a belief that one must say, "Kayo, kayo, kayo!" when throwing away hot water as a warning to unseen spirits to stay away. Without this warning, the unseen spirits might get hurt and retaliate by having someone in the family get mysterious burns that can not be relieved by the usual burn medicine. The person is then said to be apuldakan or got scalded in a mysterious way, and the culprit is said to have been akapuldak or akapasakit na aga nanengneng (has hurt something unseen).

 

The extreme case is being "naengkanto," or going home possessed by some earth-bound spirit, the spirit's personality taking over the person's consciousness and individuality. Again, in Bayambang, the reputed antidote or cure is an entire meal or food feast offering called "gaton." The word "gatunan" means to make an offering, usually food and coconut oil prepared a certain way, and the practitioner is called "manag-gaton."

 

***

 

Adelina C. Legaspi, housewife, 58, of Brgy. Tanolong, has this explanation whenever her son gets sick and she has no idea what the reason is: "Kinarot na aga anengneng (Pinched by an unseen spirit).

 

An albulario or herbolario (local term for ‘faith healer’ or 'traditional folk healer' using chiefly an assortment of herbs) is often sought out in the healing of unexplained diseases.

 

Oftentimes, the albulario is a "managtawas" or someone who uses melting candle wax collected into a basin of water to divine whatever illness is troubling a child, the most common patient.

 

Another reputed antidote, specifically for young children with pilay or sprain that doesn't seem to heal, or those traumatized, is to resort to "tawag" (to call), in which the purported healer 'calls back' the soul of the diseased by saying, "Gala, gala ____ (state name of person)," meaning "Come back, come back ____ (name)." An extended version is "Gala-gala ta wadya'y buloy mo." (Come back, come back, because the one you share your name with is here.). There is the assumption that the soul temporarily left the body of the traumatized that it had to be coaxed and cajoled back to rejoin the mortal body.

 

A believer in this practice is Basilio C. Papio, farmer, 85, of Brgy. Buenlag 2nd. "When a child is scared or shocked, you must say this so that the fear of the child will go away."

 

Caridad Labolabo believes in "man-uma-uma," meaning "meditating in spirit" or "talking to a spirit." She explains, "If you have a big tree in your backyard, you must talk to the tree especially if you’re pregnant," presumably to fend off being hurt in some way.

 

 

***

 

Locals also believe in the existence of sigsilew -- santelmo (Tagalog) or will-o'-wisp (English) -- a mysterious fireball floating in the air which, once followed by the unsuspecting, leads them somewhere until they get lost. There is the lore, according to Joey Ferrer of Brgy. Magsaysay, that the fire spirit belongs to someone who is keeping guard over a piece of land that he or she had defrauded from others, that is why the sigsilew likes to keep watch along boundaries of a piece of land.

 

 

***

 

During wakes, the rosary placed in the deceased’s hands allegedly should be cut, so no one in the family dies next too soon.

 

Other practices similar to this are the breaking of a plate, butchering of a chicken, and carrying the little kids and passing them over or across the dead/coffin. These are all done right before the interment.

 

***

 

Finally, there's the use of anting-anting, which often comes in the form of medallions made of pewter or as bullets that are either empty or unused. The use of anting-anting or amulets is supposed to make a person invincible by disempowering any force (a murderer, say) that may cause him harm.

 

This belief system suggests the strong role of nature in the development of a community's moral and spiritual values, a belief in the power of forces greater than oneself, and a sense of divine presence or mystery.

 

Some of these practices endure to this day among the elderly, indicating that a number of local folk still believe in the power, or at least existence, of "nature spirits." However, these beliefs are dying among the younger generations owing to changing religions or belief systems and preoccupation with modern technology.

 

Key Informants:

Elvie Agbayani, 69, Brgy. Cacandungan, Bautista, Pangasinan, housewife

Teresita Y. Dulay, 62, Brgy. Wawa, Bayambang, Pangasinan, caretaker

Basilio C. Papio, 85, Brgy. Buenlag 2nd, farmer

Adelina C. Legaspi, 58, Brgy. Tanolong, housewife

Fely Rodriguez, 65, Brgy. Bacnono

Caridad A. Garcia, 72, Brgy. Bacnono, farmer

Lourdes A. Garcia, 72, Brgy. Mangayao

 

Original Mappers: Bayambang National High School Senior High students (names missing)

 

Date Profiled: January 15, 2019

 

ADVISER: Mr. Christopher Q. Gozum (Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions)

 

References:

 

Narra, Dean Alfred. 'Sara'y Nampanengneng': Profiles of Pangasinan Lower Mythological Creatures, University of the Philippines-Baguio.

 

UCLA Liwanag at Dilim (2015). Mga paniniwala ng mga Pinoy.

Hawson F. (2017). Review of PWERA USOG: Salvation by Saliva.

 

Notes from the Cosgaya Dictionary:

baltic - dar dolor de vientre al que acaba de comer, por quitarse la ropa y dar el viento al vientre (sakit tiyan?)

amling - dolor de cabeza llamado comunmente jaqueca (sakit ulo?)